Investigators at Weill Cornell Medicine have assembled the most comprehensive atlas to date of messenger RNA (mRNA) variants in the mouse and human brain. The atlas is an important new resource in understanding brain development, ...
Apr 9, 2024
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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to treat due to its aggressive nature and resistance to chemotherapy. Exciting research published by the University of Southern Denmark sheds light on the mechanisms that ...
Apr 2, 2024
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In 2022, we reported the DNA sequences of 33 medieval people buried in a Jewish cemetery in Germany. Not long after we made the data publicly available, people started comparing their own DNA with that of the 14th-century ...
Apr 1, 2024
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To what extent are exceptional human achievements influenced by genetic factors? This question, dating back to the early days of human genetics, seems to be easier to address today as modern molecular methods make it possible ...
Mar 26, 2024
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Using novel genetic and genomic tools, researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai have shed light on the role of immune cells called macrophages in lipid-rich tissues like the brain, advancing our understanding ...
Mar 21, 2024
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A research team led by the University of California, Irvine has discovered the key role that the APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B enzymes play in driving cancer mutations by modifying the DNA in tumor genomes, offering potential new ...
Mar 19, 2024
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Repeats of DNA sequences, often referred to as "junk DNA" or "dark matter," that are found in chromosomes and could contribute to cancer or other diseases have been challenging to identify and characterize.
Mar 13, 2024
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Johns Hopkins Medicine neuroscientists say they have found a new function for the SYNGAP1 gene, a DNA sequence that controls memory and learning in mammals, including mice and humans.
Feb 29, 2024
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Experiments with rats conducted by researchers at São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Brazil increase our understanding of why descendants of women who were malnourished during pregnancy tend to face a higher risk of prostate ...
Jan 24, 2024
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A recent study used a big data multi-omics analysis to examine changes in gene expression as cells from human fallopian tubes become cancerous.
Jan 12, 2024
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A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology.
The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide bases of a DNA strand — adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine — covalently linked to a phosphodiester backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, read left to right in the 5' to 3' direction. Short sequences of nucleotides are referred to as oligonucleotides and are used in a range of laboratory applications in molecular biology. With regard to biological function, a DNA sequence may be considered sense or antisense, and either coding or noncoding. DNA sequences can also contain "junk DNA."
Sequences can be derived from the biological raw material through a process called DNA sequencing.
In some special cases, letters besides A, T, C, and G are present in a sequence. These letters represent ambiguity. Of all the molecules sampled, there is more than one kind of nucleotide at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:
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